This study grasp the effect of physical activity on the negative emotion such as loneliness, depression to Korean, Chinese and Japanese female elderly to help their psychological, mental safe and healthy old age. A participant was female over 60 ages and live in Japan is selected by stratified cluster random sampling, 192 Korean, 178 Chinese, 213 Japanese, total 583. The survey methods of this research are the Self-rating Depression Scale(20 item) by Zung(1965) translated standardized by Yook, Young-Sook(1994) and the 5 Likert Scale modified the UCLA Loneliness Scale(10 item) by Won, Hyung-Joong(1994). The used statistical methods for the data analysis were Mean(M), Standard deviation(SD), Reality Analysis, Frequency Analysis, 2-way ANOVA, Post-hoc. The results obtained by the appropriate analytic processes were followed. First, from the result Gymnastic(25.0％), Dance Sports(19.1％), Walking(18.3％), Climbing(9.7％), and we figured out that they are different from cach others. Second, the mean of loneliness by physical activity weekly frequency for elderly people is 5~6 days(Korea), 1~2 days(China), and 3~4 days(Japan). And, the mean of depression by physical activity weekly frequency is 1~2days(Korea), 1~2days(China), and every day(Japan). Third, the mean of loneliness physical activity continuing duration for old person is 2~3 years(Korea), less than 1 year(China), and 1~2years(Japan). And, the mean of depression by physical activity continuing duration for elderly people is less than 1 year(Korea), 2~3 years(China), and 2~3 years(Japan).

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between coach`s leadership style and member satisfaction, achievement motivation and group cohesion in softball team. It is expected that the results of this study will be for maximize softball game ability. Subjects for this study consisted of 110 players in softball. All softball players who are officially enrolled as players and player under same team and same coach for at least one year were participated in the study. The methods of statistics used to analyze the collect data are One-Way ANOVA. Multiple Regression analysis. Result obtained from this research are as follows : Above results indicate that since leadership behavior style of softball coach directly ㆍindirectly have influenced on satisfaction of team members and achievement motivation, the casual relationship for variables is immanent.

The purpose of this study is to provide the efficient coaching data to improve the performance level identifying the relationship among the factors in the athletic performance in the game of golf and past achievement and sport-confidence with college golfers. A total number of subject were 150 amateur golfers, who participated in the third collegiate golf tournament (2002. 3. 25-28). The 131 subjects out of 150 were used due to the availability of data excluding 19 subjects. The sport confidence was used as an inventory and it was measured as trait sport-confidence and state-sport-confidence. The inventories of trait sport-confidence and state-sport confidence were translated to Korean language and each inventory consist of 13 questions based on a 9-point Likert scale. The reliabilities were as high as .92 in both surveys. The 19 subjects were excluded due to the availability of data and the collected data were computerized into such sub-programs of SPSS 10.0 as Descriptives, GLM, and Regression for the purpose of analyzing data. M & SD, independent t test, and one way ANOVA were used with p＜.05. The result con be summarized as follows : Firstly, according to the sport-confident level on the basis of the previous scores, it was significant difference in trait-sport-confidence and state-sport-confidence. In other words, the previous scores was a predicting factor of the performance level of the next game of golf. Secondly, according to the sport-confident level on the basis of career, it was significant difference in trait-sport-confidence and state-sport-confidence. There was no significant effect of career on the performance of golf. In other words, career was not a predicting factor of golf performance. Lastly, trait-sport-confidence and the previous average scores proved to be significant factors to have an influence on the performance in the game of golf with analysis of multiple linear regression having golf performance as a dependent variable and he previous average scores, experience, trait-sport-confidence, and state-sport-confidence as independent variables.

Purpose of this study is to examine the participation motivation of pro golf galleries through the quantitative analysis. Of particular interest was Pro-golf spectators(191 male and 155 females) responded to and open-ended question on participation motives. A total of 1,013 responses were recorded and content-analyzed, participants motives derive from 6 major "positive emotion", "health", "improve technic", "pleasure(enjoyment)", "event", "leisure activity". Male tend to endorse "improve technic", "pleasure(enjoyment)", female reported "health", "pleasure"(enjoyment)" more than male.

The Purpose of the study was to identify the health related fitness and physical self description factor of the elementary school students through a consecutive taekwondo activity. A total of 45 elementary school students were randomly assigned in the exercise group(23) and the control(22). Subjects selected in this study participated in taekwondo activity in 4 time/week for 12 weeks. The study as the dependent variables, health related fitness factor(e.g strength, balance, flexibility and agility), psychological factor(physical self description) were measured at the baseline, 6wks, 12wks. The results obtained procedure indicated that the consecutive taekwondo activity positively impacted on health related factor such as strength balance, flexibility and agility. And consecutive taekwondo activity positively effected psychological factors such as physical self descriptions variables.

The purpose of this research was to extract dimensions of the TaeKwonDo Coaching-Efficacy and to confirm the conceptual construction, which is based on TaeKwonDo Coaching-Efficacy. An open-questionnaire made through a pilot study was administered to 90 TaeKwonDo coaches, who were distributed in the whole country, to collect sources of TaeKwonDo Coaching-Efficacy, which were conducted by inductive analysis. There were collected 1,225 cases of the foundational basic data on the efficacy. However, 125 cases were selected by excepting overlapping data and collecting similar ones among those things in specialist groups. 125 cases of the sources were categorized in 23 detail domains. In the field of the detail territories, the Questionnaire of TaeKwonDo Coaching-Efficacy(QTKDCE) was created by two adjustments. According to adjustment, there were selected 74 questions through specialists` meeting. These researches were performed by two kinds of methods. The exploratory factor analyses were done in the first research. In the second one, the confirmatory factor analyses were used. The results were produced in two researches as follows. The first, TaeKwonDo Coaching-efficacy were confirmed as teaching techniques(5 scales), arousing motivation(5 scales), master`s cultivation(5 scales), master`s consultation(4 scales) with four factors and nineteen scales totally. The second, the result of confirmatory factor analyses, most index values were appeared probably appropriate fit. According to this study the conception of TaeKwonDo Coaching-Efficacy was confirmed that it was different with Feltz(1999)`s and Park(1996)`s conceptual construction.

This study was to examine differences and relationship between life and leisure satisfaction of sports participants based on socio-demographic groups in order to broaden participation opportunities in tennis as well as to provide fundamental data for further studies. To achieve its main goal, 300 subjects of this study were selected among adults tennis participants over 20 at 10 tennis facilities located in Seoul in 2002 by means of multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, and were analyzed factors of leisure satisfation and life satisfaction depends on degree of participation of tennis participants. The result shows that physical, socio-environmental, educational factors of male participants indicated higher than those of women. Older participants showed higher physical factor, and the aged group indicated high socio-educational, environmental, relax factors. As the educational level was higher, the satisfaction factor increased, and high income group showed high physical, socio-educational, relax factors. The age and high income group expressed high life satisfacton, and as participation period and time become longer, socio-educational, environmental, relax factors became higher. There was also cause and effect relationship between leisure and life satisfaction, and socio-educational, environmental factors were main factors. Lastly, life satisfaction was stastically different depends on degree of participation (period, frequency, time), and longer participation period and time lead to higher life satisfaction. However, this study and some previous studies are contradictory in some ways. It is considered that those conflicting results stem from various factors and variables, thus consistent insturments and reliable results should be created through further studies on degree of participation and life satisfaction.

We examined the effects of Qi-training, one of Korean traditional psychosomatic training, on stress coping ability by cross-sectional investigation with inventory of symptoms of stress (SOS). Four types of groups- normal healthy (n-74), three groups of Qi-trainees (group primary level: subjects with Qi-training for 1-4months, n=64; middle level: 5-12 months, n=50; high level: more than 12 months, n=66) participated in this study, Qi-trainees with over 1 year training had significantly lower scores in all SOS subscales compared to controls. Total stress scores of Qi-trainee groups were substantially lower than controls and further reduction with larger training periods. These results suggest Qi-training is effective in stress management and decreasing symptoms of stress

This study was to examine the effects of resistance and endurance combined exercise on physical fitness, body composition, cardiopulmonary function, and physical self-concept and the relationship between these factors. The experimental group were 20 students who participated in combined exercise consisting of 3 days a week and 90 minutes a day exercise program for 12 weeks. The control group consisted of 20 students. Psychological factors were body composition, physical fitness, and cardiopulmunary function. The sub-factors of physical self-concept were appearance, muscle strength, flexibility, health, physical activity, body fat, sports competence, overall body, and self-esteem. Collected data were analyzed by Independent t-test and Pearson`s Correlations(p＜.05). The results of this study were as follows: First, there was significant difference not in body weigh but in abdominal skinfold, abdominal strength, balance, agility, muscle endurance, flexibility, sports competence, muscle strength, cardiopuimunary endurance, flexibility, body fat, and overall body(p.＜05) except self-estcem, health, and appearance. Third, the Abdominal skinfold had high negative correlation with body fat. The abdominal muscle endurance had positive correlation with muscle endurance, overall body, sports competence, and physical activity. In addition, agility had positive correlation with overall body. Flexibility had positive correlatin with physical activity. Agility had positive correlation with overall body, muscle strength, and body fat. O₂ max had high positive correlation with cardiopulmunary endurance. The results of the study illustrated that participating in combined exercise had positive influence on physiological factors and physical concept. Furthermore, there was significant correlation between physiological factors and physical concept. Therefore, further studies and various program development will be needed to maximize health improvement and the positive effects of physical activities in participants of physical education.

The purpose of this study to examine the cause of korean soccer referees` false judgment, the number of false judgments experiencing in one game, the times the most false judgments are made familiarity with game rules, what are the influences to the future judgments after commit the false judgments. One hundred twenty referees responded to open-questionnaire. They were extracted by the inductive content analysis. First, the causes of false judgments that soccer referees experience in the process of performances of referees` duties in the game, were appeared to be in five different categories;physical, psychological, recognizable or predatory, environmental, and experiential factor. Second, the number of false judgments made in one game was found out to be two times for the first graded, three times for the second graded, four times for the third graded referees, and four times as total average. Third, the times referees make false judgments were showed out as 10 minutes before second-balf ends for the first graded 10 minutes between first and second-half for the second graded, between 10 minutes of first, second-half d 20 minutes of second-half for the third graded referees, and the referees make the most false judgments 10 minutes before second-half ends as total average. Fourth, the familiarity with game rules were researched as, above 90％ for the first and second graded. 70 to 89％(highest)for the third graded, and 70-89％(second highest)for the second graded referees. Fifth the influences to the future judgments after experiencing the false judgments were found out as "no impact on future judgments after making mistakes" for the first graded, "judgment standards were shaking and more false judgments were made" for the second and third graded referees. In conclusion, psychological factor were showed out to be the most causing the false judgments. Therefore, the regular psychological training and the solutions for the psychological problems have to be served in order to improve soccer referees` performances of their duties in the game.

Watching sport events represents a predominant form of leisure today. Many people attend sport events and think of themselves as sport fans, So, It is needed to understand psychological natures of sports fans and which of psychological natures lead spectators to stadium. Then we could know what makes more steady and devoted fans. Based on previous researches, we could expect that spectator motivation and fan identity would influence on sporting game attendance of spectator. Also we could expect there were sexual differences in effects of motivation and identity factors. To examine these propositions, we performed survey research. Questionnaire of this study included the scales for sports spectator motivation, fan identity dimensions, sport spectating experiences, and demographic variables. Data of this study were collected from 192 college students. The results of the survey analysis verify relationship motive, identity salience, sex, and vicarious satisfaction determine attendance of sporting games. And there were sexual differences in effect of motivation and identity dimensions. These results meant men and women want different benefits through watching sporting events. Therefore, it is needed diverse marketing strategy according to spectators` natures.

This study aims to specify the Sports Weness Scale (SWS) for korean athletes through SWS targeting diverse variables such as gender and kinds of sports. Further, the study will investigate whether SWS possesses predictive reasonableness in real sports situations. In order to verify the predictive reasonableness of SWS, this study targeted 462 male and female athletes from 26 individual sports and 8 group sports. The subjects consist of 252 individual sport players and 210 group sports players. In this study, the Sports Weness Scale (SWS) was used to measure the players` awareness of Sports Weness. The collected materials were analyzed by the multiple-way analysis of variance (MANOVA) with four sub factors of SWS as dependent variables. As a result, in order to determine the differences in SWS according to groups where the players belong, a significant effect was shown in gender and kinds of sports while there was no mutual interaction effect was shown in gender and kinds of sports. Through post-hoc discriminant analysis and the one-way ANOVA (F-test), the significance of gender and kinds of sports were verified, respectively. Lastly, the discussion on the group property for Koreans, we-eonsciousness and individualism/group-ism, were conducted for each result

As the great concerns on educatin have a growing interest in the early education, the popular and the academic world interests in the development of infant baby`s body, emotion, and intelligence become larger. This study was to know about the variation of brain waves with using EEG, in order to show the concrete, experiential evidence of what sort of change on a bady`s brain activities a massage for a baby might bring on. The object of this study was three or four month old babies, one was the fiver babies practicing the baby massage from birth, and the other was the non practicing four babies. For the purpose of measuring brian activities, this study has measured and analyzed EEG with using LXE 1104-RS 232, the wire brain waves equipment. The electrode attachment region was the frontal lobe F7, which sphere accepts an acknowledgement function, the emotion related sphere, F8, and the parietal lobe C3, C4, which spheres lake part in an exercise and a sensory organ. The mothers were individually interviewed to examine the physical and emotional changes and analyzed by an inductive method. As a result of dispersion analyzing, it has showed the remarkable differences before and after baby massage including the foot and the lower part of he body massage, the upper part of the body massage, and the exercise, that was delta waves(F-5,519, p＜.001), beta waves(F=4.796, p＜.005), and gamma waves(F=5.519, p＜.001), but the theta waves has showed no noticeable difference, therefore, it proves the hypothesis of which a baby massage may increase the alpha waves. Especially in the case of an exercise, the gamma waves have increased remarkably, which waves have not been studied much but only known to be the wave pattern appearing in time of metal activities. Finally, with respect to the qualitative research on physical and emotional change, physical change category was divided into growth and health. Emotional change category was divided into emotional exchange, emotional stability and concentration. The most preferred part was foot according to answers from mothers, following by toes, and the most preferred time was `after bath in the afternoon`. Accordingly the futhermore studies on this result should be given much more weight. Also, it has showed no grouping distinction between the massaging group and the non-massaging group, however, it showed averaging distinction which might be inferred to the small number of the subject, therefore it is considered to be more following studies.

The purpose of this study was to examine these intricacies of the badminton athlete`s goal-orientation followed by whether or not the psychological skills that act on key factors of performance are different. The participants in this study were 190 badminton athletes (men=107, women=83) of college and industry. The average age of the men are 21.86(sd=3.37) and 21.84(sd=2.36) for the women. The years of badminton experience are 11.6 years(sd=4.28) for the men and 11.1 years(sd=2.64) for the women. The results of this study show that there is a positive relationship between the task and ego orientation. These results agree with the results from Duda`s (1992) sports related study in which 205 high school students were the subjects as well as (Guivernau & Duda, 1997)`s study in which elite student athletes from Spain were the subjects of study. This means athletes carry task and ego orientation together. The goal which athletes first aim for is the goal of the task. Goal orientation according to gender is no different from goal orientation according to performance level. Therefor, in order to see what kind of psychological factors goal orientation can explain, a Stepwise regression analysis was done. The psychological factors that can be explained in terms of the goal of the task are team harmony, goal setting, self-confidence, anxiety control, imagery. Among the psychological skills of goal orientaion, the ability to predict goal setting is an expected result. However, the task orientation of elite male athletes explains their goal setting while the ego orientation of non-elite male athletes explains their goal setting. These results show that ego oriented, non-elite male athletes think of goal setting as more important. The task orientation of non elite female athletes explains their goal setting, anxiety control, and imagery.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age and speed of stimulus on coincidence-anticipation timing. There were four groups consisting of 15 boys in each group. The ages of each group were 9, 11, 13, and 15. The tasks were a push of a button and a pass of a soccer ball. The speed of stimulus were four conditions: 1, 4, 7, and 10mph(mile/hour) and randomly given to the subjects. All participants executed 20 trials(5 trials per each speed) of a button task and 36 trials(9 trials per each speed) of a pass task. The timing error of coincidence- anticipation task was recorded by using Bassin Anticipation Timer, and then AE(absolute error), CE(constant error), and VE(variable crror) were computed. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of AE, CE, and VE. The result of this study is following: First, in a pass task, timing accuracy improved significantly as the age increased and showed the highest value at 4mph of speed. Second, in a button task, timing accuracy improved significantly as the age increased and showed the highest value at 8 and 9mph of speed. Third, in a pass task, thiming consistency improved only after 11 years of age as the age increased and showed only at 7mph and 10mph as the age increased and showed the highest value from 7mph to 10mph of speed.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis by Magill and Hall (1990) which predicated no contextual interference effect when task variations of the same motor program was practiced. The advantage of a random practice order for retention and transfer tests, as compared to a blocked practice order has been noted in the laboratory situations and sport situations. With reviwing of contextual interference studies, Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesized that the amount of contextual interference can be influenced by kind of the responses subjects are asked to organize. Many studies using different motor programs(DMP) in the responses and consistently found the contextual interference but other studies that required the same motor program(SMP) for the responses, was supported the contextual interference effect. The present study was conducted in an attempt to empirically test the factor of motor programs and contextual interference. The present study was undertaken to test whether different motor programs create a higher level of contextual interference in a more complex learning environment and produce retention and transfer performance for both the blocked and random conditions as compared using same motor programs. Recently, Giuffrida, Shea, and Fairbrother (2002) investigated the effects of practice schedule and development of the generalized motor program, and reported that a serial compared to a blocked practice schedule was superior when the performance of a task governed by a different motor program was required. Therefore, in the present study, the task variations different motor programs were clearly determine by movement of pushing the ball and stepping on the mat. Forty-eight right handed female college students were selected and the tasks were either used their right hand to push a ball or used their right foot to step on a mat situated under the table using a Bassin Coincidence Anticipation Timer. These procedures designed in a 2 (Acquisition context) X 2 (Motor program) X 3 (Trail block) DM MANOVA desi후 with repeated measures on the last factor. Dependant variables were constant error, absolute error, variable error, and absolute

Even though the benefit of random practice in retention and transfer has been supported by a number of empirical studies, few studies have attempted to apply in sport situations. The contextual interference effects have been found to generalize to rifle shooting, dart-throwing skill, badminton serving, volleyball skills, kayaking roll skills, snowboarding skills, and baseball skills. The present study examined whether the effects could be applied to a golf putting. Consistent and accurate performance on putting is necessary to attain lower scores in the golf game. Further mort, because the putting performance is one of the skills that have inter-trial variability on every trials, random practice may more effective than blocked practice. However, most of golfers practice the putting in forms of blocked situation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of random training on golf putting. Thirty two subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to one of four acquisition groups as follows: 1) blocked with experienced subjects, 2) blocked with novice subjects, 3) random with experienced subjects, and 4) random with novice subjects. Dependant variables were constant error, absolute error, and variable error. Experimental subjects practiced a total of 54 acquisition trials and tested 6 trials of retention and transfer. Acquisition was analyzed in a 2 (practice group) X 2 (experience level) X 3 (trial block) analysis of variance (ANOVA) design with repeated measures on the last factor. Retention and transfer were analyzed in a 2 (practice group) X 2 (experience level) ANOVA. The results indicated that random subjects performed poorer during acquisition compared to blocked subjects, but the random subjects showed accurate performance during retention. Also, the experienced subjects performed more accurately and consistently than the novices in acquisition, retention, and transfer. However, there was no interaction between the practice group and experience level in retention. This results support the contextual interference effects and suggest a random training during golf putting practice.

This research examined sensory organization and motor control of postural response in persons with mental retardation(MR) and nonretarded persons. Three age groups were studied: 9, 14, and 18 year olds. Postural response characteristics were examined using computerized dynamic posturography(EquiTest). Results indicated that for the sensory organization test composite equilibrium score, equilibrium scores for somato sensory and vestibular, vestibular ratio, and COG alignment in MR group were lower than that of nonretarded individual. For the motor control test, variability of latency in MR group was higher than that of nonretarded individual. For the motor control test, variability of latency in MR group was higher than that of nonretarded group. Age-related improvements of MR group in postural stability were not uniform and depended upon the specific sensory condition. Overall, these results indicated that poor equilibrium and inappropriate postural response of MR group may be related to using of inappropriate visual information, cognitive factors of attention, and strategies of postural control.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Qi-training on blood concentration of hormones (cortisol, growth hormone-GH and melatonin) and the superoxide (O₂) production in normal healthy elderly male subjects. One hours of Qi-training reduce the plasma concentration of cortisol significantly, and increased GH and melatonin significantly. The neutrophil`s superoxide generation was increased significantly by Qi-training immediately after (Post 1). These data indicate that Qi-training enhances the neutrophil`s superoxide generation, probably via the changes in the levels cortisol, melatonin and GH in the elderly. This increasing neutrophil function may cause the increasing resistance ability against common infection and inflammation by Qi-training.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether psychological skills (concentration, imagery, goal-setting, routine and confidence) effect golf performance of Korea PGA Tour Golfers according to different rankings. 47 players participated in this study (47 males). The Golf Psychology Questionnaire (GPQ) was developed based on questions from MTE-1 (Partington & Orlick, 1998). It was designed to determine the level of mental strength of golfers as the extent to which golfers practiced certain mental skills. In general, it was found that the higher ranking players rated higher on many questionnaire items reflecting greater strength of mental skill factors. Implementation of psychological skills in golf are critical factors that contribute to a golfer`s peak performance. McCaffrey and Orlick (1989) have found that US PGA Tour professionals utilize superior mental preparation skills in tournaments and practice as compared to other golfers. A sport psychologist can help address these issues using relevant mental preparation strategies and these techniques can help eac`h individual players reach his or her potential.

The purposes of this study was to assess the elite archers` perception of the importance of concentration strategy and their actual ability to regulate it, and to verify cognitive and behavioral strategies frequently during the archery competition. A total of 63 Korean elite archers with an average of 1348.9 points (standard deviation 31.6 points) in Single FITA Round and 115.2 points(standard deviation 5.5points) in Olympic Round Finals Match responded to open-ended questions regarding their concentration strategies. Concentration was ranked as the second most important psychological factor during the competition. However their actual ability to regulate concentration could not reach the lmportance Rating. The most frequently mentoned strategies for concentration while standing on the shooting line included confidence-enhancing thought, positive self-talk and mental rehearsal. Confidence keeping, maintaining shooting rhythm, kinesthetic perception and focusing on the target were major strategies during the aiming and shooting moment. During the competition, archers commonly used such strategies as confidence-building thoughts, breathing and relaxation, and remaining in the neutral zone. After the competition, they gathered necessary information from the competition experiences to improve their performance. This study demonstrated the information regarding concentration strategies for elite archers that will guide future research on concentration-based psychological skill training.

This research examined the competitive state anxiety of pre competition among high school athletes. The purpose of this analysis is clarifying the anxiety related concepts and measurement of cognitive anxiety, physical anxiety and confidence level based on the characteristics of each sports, length of career and sex. The sample of this study was 116 male and female of Choongbuk province high school athletes who participated the 83rd National Sports Festival. This group was classified into three different sub-groups among 6 different sports of speed record sports-field and track sports, cycling, martial arts -boxing, wrestling, ball games -basketball and Racket sport- tennis. The data were collected 30 minutes before the competition and the level of competitive state anxiety was measured by CSAI-2 that was developed by Marten and his colleagues (1983). The data were analyzed by ANOVA test method to measure the competitive state anxiety and T-test was used to measure the sexual differences among athletes. The results of this research showed the following conclusion. 1. Cognitive and somatic anxiety level was the highest among wrestling athletes and other athletes were followed by the order of field and track, cycling, boxing, basketball, and tennis. 2. Physical anxiety level was highest among those athletes who have less than 4 years career and other athletes were followed by the order of 5-6 year athletes and more than 7-year athletes. 3. Physical anxiety level was higher among male athletes than female athletes. Also, In the self-confidence appeared men better than women Athletes.

The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the self-efficacy, teacher-efficacy, and coaching confidence (efficacy) concepts, as well as frameworks of relevant coaching confidence constructs. Reviewing Bandura`s (1977) conceptualization of self-efficacy, Denham and Michael`s (1981) multidimensional model of teacher efficacy, Park`s (1992) initial measure of coaching confidence, Moon & Park`s (1995) measure of coaching confidence ll, and Feltz, Chase, Moritz, and Sullivan`s (1999) conceptual model of coaching efficacy, an overview of conceptual frameworks in coaching confidence was explained. The study provided future directions on coaching confidence.

The purpose of this research was to review the movement therapy. To achieve this purpose, 5 experimental case study was performed as a research methodology. The results were as follows. First, the effective methods of movement therapy were dance therapy, swimming therapy, taekwondo therapy, and danjun breathing therapy. Second, I recommend to movement therapy those who are limbs handicapped, mentally retarded, the advanced age of seventies and fatted high school girls. Third, it took above half year to cure mental and psychological disorder. Fourth, the measurement apparatus of movement therapy effectiveness were SCL-90-R, anxiety text, RT, EEG, EMG, hart rate and blood pressure.

The purpose of the present study was to validate the hierarchical structure of he expended Physical Self-Perception Profile model (EPSSP). In the EPSSP model, Jazzercise was included as a baseline variable toward self-esteem via PSPP variables (sport competence, physical condition, attractive body, and strength). It was hypothesized that Jazzercise behavior would directly predict PSPP variables and physical self-worth would serve to compare with the EPSSP model. Female Aazzercisers (N = 322, age M = 27.7) were administered the PSPP to assess physical self-perceptions at the specific subdomain level and at the domain level (i.e., physical self-worth). Subjects also completed the self-esteem inventory and the exercise behavior questionnaire. Structural equation modeling revealed that the EPSSP model was superior to the alternative model, demonstrating an acceptable data fit. All paths between variables were significant. In the EPSSP model, Jazzercise was significantly and directly associated with perceived physical condition and strength, but had less substantive effect on attractive body and perceived sport competent. However, feeling of attractive body related strongly with overall physical self-worth. Thus, the Jazzercise participants might perceive self-perception. These results were discussed with theoretical and empirical views of physical self-system, and future research was suggested.

The purpose of this study is to prove the theoretical models on the self-management of athletes by applying a covariance structure analysis. The first hypothesis to verify in this study is whether physical, mental, and training management significantly influence confidence. The second hypothesis is to examine whether interpersonal management has a direct influence on the team`s unity. The third hypothesis is to verify that confidence has significant effects on performance level, whereas team unity does not. The fourth hypothesis states that the theoretical model on the self-management of athletes will show an appropriate level of reliability. Finally, the last hypothesis states that the established model will show the appropriateness of the verification dassified by event and level. The 329 participants who participated in the 81st National Athletic Meet held in Pusan, October, 2000 were selected from high schools, colleges, and professional teams based in Seoul, Incheon, and Kyeonggi for this research. The average age was 20.36 years (SD=3.99). The instrument of measurement in this research was ASMQ(Athletics`Self-Management Questionnaire), Self-Confidence and Team unity. The 4.01 WINDOWS version of the AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) was used for these serial procedures. The hypothesized cause and effect model for 329 athletes revealed a good fit index and was approved in the test of the model by groups (GFI=96, CFI=95, RMR=.035). In the specific hypothesized path, physical management and mental management had a positive effect on self-confidence which, in turn, affected performance. And interpersonal management affected team integrity positively, which did not significantly affect performance. However, training management had a negative influence on self-confidence. These results generally supported the hypotheses but there were some differences

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the concentration and imagery through the regulation of the brain wave influence on the golf putting. The objects of the research are students attending C University in Seoul, who don`t have any experience in the putting. Among the volunteers, I select 30 male students, and they are all right handed. I divide them into three groups, and each group has 10 students; the concentration group, the imagery group, and the control group. They are 20 to 25 years old, and the average age is 21.1. The mind arrow program of the neuro-harmony system is a computer game which is a simulation one shoots an arrow to a target. This program begins when the object of the research produces an alpha wave in his brain through his self-control. The members of the imagery group train themselves watching the video of the putting. The contents of the video are several examples in which Bencrensho, the best player of the putting, performs the putting movements, and some best puttings in various contests. After watching the video, the members of the imagery group repeat the putting movements like the persons in the video imaging the scenes in their brains. They perform the 2.5m putting on a carpet similar to the real green. Using the Microsoft Excel program, I calculate the materials by the absolute, radial, and variable error, and then analyze them repeatedly using the SPSS/PC+ 10.0 Version for Windows. In addition, if there are any significant differences, I post-analyze them using Duncan. The results of this research are as follows. First, in the absolute error of the Learning stage and Retention stage, the concentration and imagery have some effects on the performance learning of in golf putting. They have no differences, and don`t have any interrelations with the group or block. Second, in the radial error of the Learning stage and Retention stage, they influence on it significantly. There aren`t any differences between the concentration and image, and any interrelations with the group or block. Three, in the variable error of the Learning stage and Retention stage, they have some effects on it. The differences between the concentration and imagery and the interrelations with the group or block are the same as the above.

The purposes of this study were to examine the applicable use of one technologically driven behavior analysis strategies and taxonomy (Sharpe & koperwas, 2000; BEST software) into teacher training programs in Korea and investigate the relative effectiveness of self-modeling on preservice teacher`s teaching behavior. Prior to the study, a theory- and culture-based teaching behavior coding scheme for Korean preservice teachers was first constructed to collect preservice teachers` behavioual data. Participants were three male and one female undergraduate students enrolled in a 12-week senior teaching practicum course required for teaching certificate in Korea. Teaching performances in the mandatory 4 weeks field-based practicum of undergraduates (N=4) were observed during an 18-lesson soccer, filed and track, dance, and softball unit in a middle school. An A-B-A multiple-baseline design was used. The B-Phase consisted of self-modeling feedback. The multiple-baseline represented the differing times in which same sequential behavior analysis feedback treatment was administered. Results showed that the self-modeling intervention was effective in increasing teaching-related behaviors (i.e., demonstration, guidance, monitoring, task involvement, and feedback provision), and reducing nonteaching-related behaviors (i.e., unnecessary time spent on equipment management, negligence, and punishment). Additionally, the initial validity and reliability of the teaching behavior coding scheme developed for this study was found applicable and effective for observing and analyzing inclusive teaching practices among korean preservice teachers. Last, results also supported the view that practice teaching behaviors among preservice teachers in school-based settings could be improved and maintained as an effective educational approach with the sequential feedback provision from the university supervisors and faculty, and cooperating teachers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between teacher motivation for teaching, and teaching and student behaviors in physical education classes. The behavioral teaching performances and cognitive teaching motivation data of 17 preservice teachers were observed and assessed over one complete semester during the course of a culminating undergraduate teacher-trainee practice teaching experience. Results showed that moderately high positive correlation coefficients were found between MPS and the number of teachers` physical guidance and non-task verbal positive interaction. Results also showed moderately high positive correlations between MPS and the number of students` appropriate motor engagement and on-task behavior. The results provided important prescriptive and predictive information into how one might go about screening, evaluating, and training teacher professionals in a behavioral manner to potentially change their motivation levels. Implications for the continued behavioral mapping of teachers-in-training and practicing teacher professionals are recommended in the context of continuing research in the area of correlating behavior and cognition with a view toward functionally altering cognition through behavioral treatment.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the attention of questionnaire to develope the standards how to measure the stage anxiety before the performance. The questionnaire was investigated its validity to 238 dancers about factors of anxiety worry and distraction and by using exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach`s coefficients, confirmatory factor analysis in accordance with a similar questionnaire of sports competition anxiety prepared by Smith dt al(1990). This questionnaire was made up of 20 items of 3 factors which showed relatered reliability. A result of confirmatory factor analysis showed structures of 12 items about 3 factors for structure validity scale. The consequence of looking into the dance performer anxiety psychology based on statistics of the questionnaire suggests is to make an effort to develop programs constantly for solving the stage anxiety.